N\u0103m 1948, hai gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ba ngh\u00ecn ba tr\u0103m nam sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eeba t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, xem x\u00e9t li\u1ec7u t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hay kh\u00f4ng? Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u1ea1, kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mike nh\u00ecn chung \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean Berrien l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00ean (the effects of names), v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 1948, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta sinh s\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u1eb7ng ti\u1ec1n cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda hay kh\u00f4ng: n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c quy\u00ean g\u00f3p cho qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 sau khi n\u00f3 tr\u00e0n qua v\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m (implicit-egotism effect<\/a>): ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n theo t\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa hai th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u xe h\u01a1i, v\u00e0 khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u01b0u ti\u00ean Mazda ho\u1eb7c Kia (t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ma<\/strong>ria K<\/strong>onni<\/strong>kova<\/strong>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Uri Simonsohn, t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pennsylvania, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m\u201d, tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 may r\u1ee7i v\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u00e9m. \u201cN\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt gia,\u201d Simonsohn n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. \u201cAnh ta cho b\u1ea1n xem m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i, \u2018T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng anh ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u2019 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n – t\u1ee9c t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Dan s\u1ebd th\u00edch l\u00e0m b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00ean Dan ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec Dan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, n\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u1eefa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [B\u1ed5 sung ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c: b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ai t\u00ean \u201cQu\u00e2n\u201d s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m trong ng\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u01a1n, khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ee9 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ng\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n, trong khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i x\u1ebf, b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kho\u1ea3ng 2% ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean Qu\u00e2n th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nam gi\u1edbi t\u00ean \u201cQu\u00e2n\u201d s\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cao l\u00e0m ng\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa t\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m 1984, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Debra Crisp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u0103m 2012, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Hui Bai v\u00e0 Kathleen Briggs k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00ean t\u1ed1i \u0111a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3.” M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo d\u00f5i (follow-up studies) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa t\u00ean v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/strong>; nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, minh b\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u0103m 2004, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Marianne Bertrand v\u00e0 Sendhil Mullainathan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103m ngh\u00ecn h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c rao v\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u1edf Chicago v\u00e0 Boston. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5y khai sinh \u1edf Massachusetts t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1974 \u0111\u1ebfn 1979, Bertrand v\u00e0 Mullainathan x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t cao trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p trong ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “nh\u1eefng t\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng” (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c t\u00ean nh\u01b0 Emily Walsh v\u00e0 Greg Baker) v\u00e0 “nh\u1eefng t\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en” (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c t\u00ean nh\u01b0 Lakisha Washington v\u00e0 Jamal Jones). H\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra hai lo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean: m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u1ecd g\u1eedi hai h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi “t\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en” v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi “t\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng” (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1n CV cho m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng). H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean “c\u00f3 t\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng” nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n 50%, v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 mang “t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng” c\u00f3 so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 mang “t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en” l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e1m n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam. Trung b\u00ecnh, 1\/10 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 “t\u00ean ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng” nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i, so v\u1edbi 1\/15 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 “t\u00ean ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en”. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00ean g\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [B\u1ed5 sung ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u da v\u1ed1n c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong th\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean Slavic, Ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ho\u1eb7c Ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Kovacevic v\u00e0 Mohammed, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00ean nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c trung l\u1eadp h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 Lindberg v\u00e0 Johnson. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Mahmood Arai v\u00e0 Peter Skogman Thoursie, t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stockholm, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadp<\/strong>: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00ean m\u1edbi ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung b\u00ecnh 26 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [B\u1ed5 sung ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c: M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean con gi\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, cho d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sau n\u00e0y.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u (name-signalling) – nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ai \u0111\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc khu \u1edf Florida, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1994 \u0111\u1ebfn 2001, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc David Figlio \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Figlio ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh anh ch\u1ecb em – c\u00f9ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi Bertrand v\u00e0 Mullainathan, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ebb sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n. Figlio ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 t\u00ean \u2018Damarcus\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 1.1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia (national percentile points) so v\u1edbi anh trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u00ean \u2018Dwayne,\u2019 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng nhau, v\u00e0 \u2018Damarcus\u2019 s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m so v\u1edbi anh trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u00ean Da\u2019Quan.\u2019 \u201d Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 t\u00ean nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t ghi nh\u1eadn sinh) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n [B\u1ed5 sung ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c b\u00e9.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Steven Levitt v\u00e0 Roland Fryer \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb em da \u0111en \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1970 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 2000. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean nghe c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m “da \u0111en” h\u01a1n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo th\u1eddi gian. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Harvard th\u1ee7a n\u00e0o, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948. Nh\u01b0ng khi Levitt v\u00e0 Fryer ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cho b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u00ean bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 Simonsohn ghi ch\u00fa, “T\u00ean cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ai.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n [B\u1ed5 sung ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra sao l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 1948, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh – m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh da tr\u1eafng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang nh\u1eefng t\u00ean d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, ho\u1eb7c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i lo \u00e2u, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea5u \u0111i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean, trong \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ng\u1ea7m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi n\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 theo ki\u1ec3u v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “C\u00f3 g\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean?” m\u00e0, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 t\u00ean t\u00f4i g\u1eedi \u0111i l\u00e0 g\u00ec – v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1eady?” <\/p>\n\n\n\n