{"id":19397,"date":"2023-10-11T19:12:01","date_gmt":"2023-10-11T12:12:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/?p=19397"},"modified":"2023-12-04T18:00:32","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T11:00:32","slug":"ten-tinh-cach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-tinh-cach\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp (d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n) khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu (\u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn) v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Theo nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ee3i \u00fd, h\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f9ng trong giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu (stereotypes)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u1ea1n khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Elizabeth? C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Misty th\u00ec sao? Theo 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf M\u1ef9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 &#8220;Elizabeth&#8221; th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m \u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cao, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 &#8220;Misty&#8221; c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. T\u00ean &#8220;Rileys&#8221; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u1ea5m \u00e1p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 &#8220;Ruths&#8221; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u1ea5m \u00e1p (Newman et al., 2018; 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong n\u1ed9i dung g\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xem nh\u1eefng t\u00ean sau g\u1ee3i ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec: C\u01b0\u1eddng, Huy, V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, H\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110i\u1ec7p, G\u1ea5m, Tr\u00fac, Th\u1ea3o.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, Crabtree v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p (2022) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 &#8220;Mary,&#8221; c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u00ean nh\u01b0 &#8220;Lakisha&#8221; &#8211; d\u1ea1ng t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ednh tr\u00ean trung b\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Latinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong n\u1ed9i dung g\u1ed1c: Gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p th\u1eed sau v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Khi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd t\u00ean sau b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thu nh\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hay kh\u00f4ng: \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb T\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d, \u201cTr\u1ea7n V\u0103n S\u00e1ng\u201d, \u201cL\u00f2 V\u0103n S\u1eafn\u201d, \u201cTr\u1ea7n Quang Huy\u201d, \u201cL\u00ea C\u1ea9m T\u00fa H\u00e2n\u201d, \u201cV\u0169 Xu\u00e2n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a theo th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t t\u00ean kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o (uniqueness) hay tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (conformity) &#8211; v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh <em>c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em> cao h\u01a1n, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng <a href=\"https:\/\/xn--bu-x5s.com\/t%C3%AAn-hi%E1%BA%BFm-g%E1%BA%B7p.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">t\u00ean hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p<\/a> c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n (Ogihara, 2023; Varnum &amp; Kitayama, 2011; 2022). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch cho t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y (Varnum &amp; Kitayama, 2011). Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Scandinavia cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di c\u01b0 h\u01a1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Knudsen, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a theo th\u1eddi gian. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua \u1edf M\u1ef9 (Twenge et al., 2010; Grossmann &amp; Varnum, 2015) v\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (Ogihara &amp; Ito, 2022), nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y theo th\u1eddi gian (Hamamura, 2012; Santos, Varnum, &amp; Grossmann, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, t\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a danh d\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 danh ti\u1ebfng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y g\u1ed5 (Nisbett, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Brown v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p (2014) g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean con \u1edf d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ean cha (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cpatronymic names\u201d, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean cha v\u00e0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 mang ngh\u0129a \u201ccon c\u1ee7a\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201ccon trai c\u1ee7a\u201d v\u00e0o) ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng bang n\u01a1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a danh d\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb danh d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 con tr\u1ebb n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (first name \/ t\u00ean ch\u00ednh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y <a href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-ban-giong-khuon-mat-ban\/\">ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/a>. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111o\u00e1n xem trong s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00ean n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (Zwebner et al., 2017), m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (self-fulfilling prophecy).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00fang ta theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, Pelham v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p (2002) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Virginia, khi so v\u1edbi Mildred, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Virginia Beach h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean &#8220;Mildred&#8221; c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Milwaukee h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean &#8220;Virginia&#8221;. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean &#8220;Dennis&#8221; c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nha s\u0129 h\u01a1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m \u1ea9n \/ implicit egotism&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng &#8211; tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi Simonsohn (2011) \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ean \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng? V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean &#8220;Dennis&#8221; c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nha s\u0129 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi &#8220;Walter&#8221;, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi &#8220;Walter&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Simonsohn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t (m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn) c\u1ee7a t\u00ean h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m \u1ea9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh sau n\u00e0y, Pelham v\u00e0 Mauricio (2014) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang h\u1ecd &#8220;Carpenters&#8221; c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c h\u01a1n. [Ch\u00fa th\u00edch ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c: Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, t\u1eeb carpenters c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m l\u00fd, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3) bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(B\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ed1c: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/unserious-psychology\/202303\/what-our-names-say-about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3 Things Your Name Might Reveal About c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Michael E. W. Varnum<\/a>, tr\u00ean website Psychology Today)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Brown, R. P., Carvallo, M., &amp; Imura, M. (2014). Naming patterns reveal cultural values: Patronyms, matronyms, and the US culture of honor.&nbsp;<em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40<\/em>(2), 250-262.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crabtree, C., Gaddis, S. M., Holbein, J. B., &amp; Larsen, E. N. (2022). Racially distinctive names signal both race\/ethnicity and social class.&nbsp;<em>Sociological Science<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>9<\/em>, 454-472.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hamamura, T. (2012). Are cultures becoming individualistic? A cross-temporal comparison of individualism\u2013collectivism in the United States and Japan.&nbsp;<em>Personality and social psychology Review<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>16<\/em>(1), 3-24.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Knudsen, A. S. B. (2019). Those who stayed: Individualism, self-selection and cultural change during the age of mass migration. SSRN.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3321790\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3321790<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Newman, L. S., Tan, M., Caldwell, T. L., Duff, K. J., &amp; Winer, E. S. (2018). Name norms: A guide to casting your next experiment.&nbsp;<em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>44<\/em>(10), 1435-1448.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Newman, L. S., Tan, M., Caldwell, T. L., Duff, K. J., &amp; Winer, E. S. (2022). &#8221; Name norms: A guide to casting your next experiment&#8221;: Corrigendum.&nbsp;<em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48<\/em>(2), 328.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nisbett, R. E. (2018).&nbsp;<em>Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South<\/em>. Routledge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ogihara, Y. (2023). Popular names are given less frequently to babies in individualistic countries: Further validation of unique names as an indicator of individualism.&nbsp;<em>Current Research in Behavioral Sciences<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>4<\/em>, 100094.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ogihara, Y., &amp; Ito, A. (2022). Unique names increased in Japan over 40 years: baby names published in municipality newsletters show a rise in individualism, 1979-2018.&nbsp;<em>Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>3<\/em>, 100046.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pelham, B. W., Mirenberg, M. C., &amp; Jones, J. T. (2002). Why Susie sells seashells by the seashore: implicit egotism and major life decisions.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>82<\/em>(4), 469-487.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pelham, B., &amp; Mauricio, C. (2015). When Tex and Tess Carpenter build houses in Texas: Moderators of implicit egotism.&nbsp;<em>Self and Identity, 14<\/em>(6), 692-723.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Santos, H. C., Varnum, M. E., &amp; Grossmann, I. (2017). Global increases in individualism.&nbsp;<em>Psychological Science<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>28<\/em>(9), 1228-1239.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simonsohn, U. (2011). Spurious? Name similarity effects (implicit egotism) in marriage, job, and moving decisions.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101<\/em>(1), 1\u201324.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Twenge, J. M., Abebe, E. M., &amp; Campbell, W. K. (2010). Fitting in or standing Out: Trends in American parents&#8217; choices for children\u2019s names, 1880\u20132007.&nbsp;<em>Social Psychological and Personality Science<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>1<\/em>(1), 19-25.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varnum, M. E., &amp; Kitayama, S. (2011). What\u2019s in a name? Popular names are less common on frontiers.&nbsp;<em>Psychological Science<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>22<\/em>(2), 176-183.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varnum, M. E. W., &amp; Kitayama, S. (2022). &#8220;What\u2019s in a name? Popular names are less common on frontiers&#8221;: Corrigendum.&nbsp;<em>Psychological Science, 33<\/em>(6), 1020-1021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zwebner, Y., Sellier, A. L., Rosenfeld, N., Goldenberg, J., &amp; Mayo, R. (2017). We look like our names: The manifestation of name stereotypes in facial appearance.\u00a0<em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>112<\/em>(4), 527-554.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghi ch\u00fa: t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp (d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n) khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh: T\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed &#8230; <a title=\"H\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-tinh-cach\/\" aria-label=\"More on H\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n?\">\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19419,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>H\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n? - H\u1ecd T\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-tinh-cach\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"H\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n? - H\u1ecd T\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp (d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n) khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. 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