{"id":19472,"date":"2023-11-30T10:04:32","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T03:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/?p=19472"},"modified":"2023-12-04T18:00:02","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T11:00:02","slug":"nguon-goc-cua-ten","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/nguon-goc-cua-ten\/","title":{"rendered":"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u01a1n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/em>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng: ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/em> v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ch\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c b\u00e9 m\u00e8o d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 voi v\u00e0 c\u00e1 heo), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (controlled laboratory environment), lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 tinh tinh v\u00e0 gorilla, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u M\u1ef9 (Amercian Sign Language) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb hai tu\u1ed5i). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u01a1 khai (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Jane Goodall v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c), v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed xa x\u00f4i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 onomastics<\/em> (ho\u1eb7c onomatology<\/em>), n\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n th\u00ec anthroponomastics<\/em> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 toponomastics<\/em> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, t\u00ean ri\u00eang (personal name)<\/em> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi sinh ra, tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean cho m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean khi b\u00e9 ra \u0111\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t trong hai: cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd (clan leader \/ t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi cho r\u1eb1ng: Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u xin ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, v.v. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u00edt ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, t\u00ean khi sinh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a) h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c ngay t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u1eadt t\u1ed5, t\u00f4-tem) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi t\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i “quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c” n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ma thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m (sympathetic magic). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1eeb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n x\u1ea5u xa, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef “t\u00ean th\u1eadt” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh<\/em> (nickname) ho\u1eb7c “t\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai” kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ean th\u1eadt b\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u00e0o. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u1ebfu t\u00ean ri\u00eang thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh khi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. Tuy v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 (v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang) r\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a (generalization). Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n trung c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n (mononym)<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ri\u00eang (proper name)<\/em>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (Christian era), \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 khi t\u00ean ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o l\u00fac r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (Christian name)<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh thi\u00eang (trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, Michael, Gabriel v\u00e0 Raphael) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 (universal church). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 t\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tu vi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y t\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7) \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00ean ri\u00eang (personal names)<\/strong> v\u00e0 t\u00ean h\u1ecd (family names)<\/strong>. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n La M\u00e3 coi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a praenomen<\/em>, nomen<\/em> v\u00e0 cognomen<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ean La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tria nomina<\/em> (ba t\u00ean). Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean La M\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n Trung c\u1ed5 (early Middle Ages), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh La M\u00e3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tria nomina l\u00e0 nomen gentilicium<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, nomen, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd<\/em> \/ surname<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gens<\/em> ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nomen v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a [The Early Roman Republic \/ 510 \u2013 124 BC], gens th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ec1u r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng La M\u00e3. Trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft, nomen th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t filiation (ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean cha \/ patronymic<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb t\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a cha c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 (matronymic<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean kh\u00e1c). Nomen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi praenomen, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh (forename \/ first name)<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ri\u00eang ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Praenomen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y dies lustricius (ho\u1eb7c “ng\u00e0y lustration”), m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 thanh t\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m sau khi sinh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e9 g\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn sau khi sinh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e9 trai. N\u00f3i chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c praenomina kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng praenomina c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo cha m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con trai sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo c\u00e1c anh em c\u1ee7a cha ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean nam \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t praenomina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn praenomina c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gens n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gens kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c gentes qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng praenomina nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tria nomina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed La M\u00e3, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba t\u00ean. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 (Roman Republic), ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, praenomen v\u00e0 nomen. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cognomen xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, ngay t\u1eeb khi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 cognomina v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, cognomen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3, praenomen v\u00e0 nomen th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau b\u1edfi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i cognomen \/ bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, cognomina c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai. Do \u0111\u00f3, tria nomina th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, “Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh La M\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (Empire), cognomen tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 praenomina kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ean La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean tr\u1edf \u0111i l\u00e0 nomen v\u00e0 cognomen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nomina v\u00e0 cognomina, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ean thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c signia<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, ngay c\u1ea3 trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u00edt khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean La M\u00e3 suy tho\u00e1i sau khi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Western Empire) s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Praenomen \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ebfm hoi trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 c\u0169. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nomina v\u00e0 cognomina tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u00dd v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u (western Europe) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u00ean La M\u00e3 v\u00e0, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng (ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7) v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh cho nam gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean hai t\u00ean nh\u01b0 nam gi\u1edbi; nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1eddi gian, praenomen tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; do \u0111\u00f3, praenomen \u1edf n\u1eef gi\u1edbi d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (informal names). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng praenomen v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng nomen duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nomen v\u00e0 cognomen. Praenomen v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 praenomen nam gi\u1edbi, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7) n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cognomen c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho praenomen n\u1eef gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. V\u00ec v\u1eady, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang ba t\u00ean kh\u00e1 ng\u1eafn; tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba t\u00ean, tria nomina v\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ean La M\u00e3. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \/ first names) nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb praenomen trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd (surename) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nomen. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a cognomen, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ec7t danh (nickname) c\u00f3 v\u1ebb g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m (middle name) hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean La M\u00e3, tr\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay cho t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi praenomen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trung c\u1ed5, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ri\u00eang bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb duy nh\u1ea5t \/ mononym or single proper name (c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c). Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i Trung c\u1ed5, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ean ri\u00eang b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t danh<\/em> tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u00ean ch\u00ednh, do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cognomen La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u00ean theo cha (patronymics) ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 (matronymics), \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/em>, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/em>. C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t t\u00ean theo cha (patronymic) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 con trai (ho\u1eb7c con g\u00e1i) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Hi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t t\u00ean theo m\u1eb9 (matronymics) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 con trai (ho\u1eb7c con g\u00e1i) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo cha ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7) r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00ean theo cha trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfng Anh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ean theo cha d\u1ea1ng unmarked<\/em>, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam t\u00ean c\u1ee7a cha v\u00e0o t\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1209, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y “Geoffrey Anketil” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 “con c\u1ee7a Anketil”. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00ean theo cha d\u1ea1ng marked<\/em> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam “s” ho\u1eb7c “es” v\u00e0o t\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a cha, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1327, “Thomas Richardes” ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 “Thomas c\u1ee7a Richard”; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u00eam “son \/ ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con trai” v\u00e0o t\u00ean c\u1ee7a cha, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1324, “Robert Willeson” t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi “con trai c\u1ee7a Will(e)”. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c marked n\u00e0y \u0111i v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng “Richards” v\u00e0 “Wilson”. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 ba th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng (nh\u01b0 trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c r\u00fat g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m (locative byname) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ho\u1eb7c sinh ra. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh hai danh m\u1ee5c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, toponymic<\/em> v\u00e0 topographic<\/em>. Trong s\u1ed1 hai c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh toponymic b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, qu\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c toponymic lu\u00f4n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang. Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh Trung c\u1ed5 (ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p sau Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Norman), h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t sau gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p “de”, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng Anh “of” ho\u1eb7c “from”. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 “de Brunnesley” v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1198 v\u00e0 “de York” v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1324. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, bi\u1ec7t danh toponymic c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ec9nh, v.v. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh toponymic b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Wales, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng trong khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea5y. Do \u0111\u00f3, lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7t danh toponymic n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c). Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, bi\u1ec7t danh “Simon de Welsche” s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t “Simon c\u1ee7a Wales” th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Wales, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Bedfordshire, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng (\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. (Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 “Richard Wangeford” v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1296.) Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh topographic kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh topographic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 “at”, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb “the” nh\u01b0 trong “atte” ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 “‘at the” (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf). C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 “Attemille” v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1242, ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 “\u1edf c\u1ed1i xay \/ at the mill”; t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1243 “Attewode” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “\u1edf r\u1eebng \/ at the wood”. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1194 “Vnderegge” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e9p \/ under edge”, do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, “Overthebek” r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “qua d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i \/ over the beck”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1243, “Bithewaye” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \/ by the way”, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng; v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1333, “Theffelde”, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “trong c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \/ in the field”. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec7t danh topographic. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 “of’, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1327 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi “Othe felde” m\u00e0, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng”. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau n\u0103m 1400, gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb (v\u00e0 m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, “Atwood”, “Atwater”, v\u00e0 “Underhill”, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eady). M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda l\u00e0 t\u00ean “John Smith”, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean John l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n v\u00e0ng, th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n b\u1ea1c, v.v.; tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, “John Goldsmith”). L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, “le” (nam) ho\u1eb7c “la” (n\u1eef), nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi: “le Bakere”, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1177, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh \/ the baker”; “la Lauendere”, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1253 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3 \/ the laundress”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1275, “le Fithelare”, \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0n violin \/ the fiddler”; v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1279, “le Horsmongere”, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n ng\u1ef1a \/ the horse-dealer”. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1221, ‘le Freman”, ho\u1eb7c “ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do”; v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1255, “le Erl”, ho\u1eb7c “c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc”. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi s\u1edbm; do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y “Henry Pope” v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1296 v\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t danh “Kyng”. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o trong c\u00e1c t\u00ean d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1230 “le Bret” \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Breton ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Briton t\u1eeb Brittany \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Ph\u00e1p. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1276, “le Pycard” \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u1eeb Picardy \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t danh theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang \/ characteristic byname (ho\u1eb7c nickname) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u00f9y \u00fd v\u00e0 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t sau n\u0103m 1400. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ed5 sung, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1177, “Henry Bigge” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng nh\u1ecf con ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cao l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7t danh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1203, “le Wis” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1296, “le Reed” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ecf”. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t danh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n (metonymic byname), x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1296, “Thomas Mayle” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1303, “Geoffrey wythe Hameres”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, “v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u00faa”, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00faa (thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1i b\u00faa n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00eam c\u00e1c characteristic byname ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1159, “Shirloc”, \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 “‘bright-lock”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, “t\u00f3c v\u00e0ng” (“Sherlock” trong c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i); v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1205, “de fer”, ho\u1eb7c “iron-arm \/ c\u00e1nh tay s\u1eaft”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1209, “Yrento”, \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en “iron-toe \/ ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n s\u1eaft”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1212, “le Gode” ho\u1eb7c “the good \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1219, “Cunteles” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “cunt-less \/ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o” v\u00e0 “le Gidye” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “the mad \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u00ean” (trong ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, “giddy” c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u); v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1249, “le Lechur” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “the lecher \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1251, “le Cruel”, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 “the cruel \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1275, “Wytelas” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “witless \/ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed” v\u00e0 “le Wilfulle”, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 “the willful \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1286, “Foulmouth”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hay n\u00f3i t\u1ee5c; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1290-92, “le Long”, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 “the long \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1293, “le Oneyede” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “the one-eyed \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1297, “Wythe Berd” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “with the beard \/ v\u1edbi r\u00e2u” (th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y sai th\u00e0nh “Wychthe Berd”); v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1327, “Wysheued” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘wise-head \/ \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t’ v\u00e0 “Swetemouth” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “sweet mouth \/ d\u1ebbo mi\u1ec7ng”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1375, “Notegood” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “not good \/ kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1379, “Smalbyhind” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “small behind \/ m\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf”. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7t danh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Anh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1eb7c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1297, “Wythemantel” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “with the mantle \/ v\u1edbi \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1307, “Wytebelt” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “white belt \/ d\u00e2y l\u01b0ng tr\u1eafng”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1312, “Scortmantil” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “short mantle \/ \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn”. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1225, “Gilbert Hodde” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “m\u0169”, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn Gilbert l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u0169”, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang, “Gilbert v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u0169”. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1297, “Robert Rotenheryng” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i th\u1ed1i”, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n c\u00e1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1327, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “le Wyfles”, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ee3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1301, “Falinthewol” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “r\u01a1i v\u00e0o gi\u1ebfng”, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 bi\u1ec7t danh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 (hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1242, bi\u1ec7t danh kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u “Latethewaterga” ho\u1eb7c “\u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y”, l\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c t\u0129u, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u1ec3u” c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i chung, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7t danh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t danh ti\u1ebfng Anh nh\u01b0 “Shakespeare” r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 “rung gi\u00e1o (m\u00e1c)”, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1219, “Makepais” ho\u1eb7c “make peace \/ l\u00e0m h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1227 “Hakkeches” ho\u1eb7c “hack cheese \/ ch\u1eb7t ph\u00f4 mai” ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ph\u00f4 mai; ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb “t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m nh\u1ecf” ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1227, “Mangeharneis” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “\u0103n \u00e1o gi\u00e1p; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1246, “John Fillecunt” ho\u1eb7c “\u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o” (ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi “Bele Wydecunthe” ho\u1eb7c “\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ed9ng” v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1327!); v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1269, “Brekebac” ho\u1eb7c “g\u00e3y l\u01b0ng”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1275, “cuttepurs” ho\u1eb7c “cut purse \/ c\u1eaft t\u00fai” (hi\u1ec7n nay, cutpurse t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eadt t\u00fai) v\u00e0 “Badinteheved” ho\u1eb7c “bad in the head \/ x\u1ea5u trong \u0111\u1ea7u”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1279 “Aydrunken” ho\u1eb7c “always drunk \/ lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n say”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1327, “Strokelady” ho\u1eb7c “stroke lady” v\u00e0 “Brekaldoun” ho\u1eb7c “break all down \/ ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3” v\u00e0 “Gobytheweye” ho\u1eb7c “go by the way \/ \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1334, ‘Brekelaunce” ho\u1eb7c “break lance \/ g\u00e3y gi\u00e1o”. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec7t danh; do \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1246 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, “Fayrarmful” ho\u1eb7c “fair armful \/ v\u00f2ng tay \u0111\u1eb9p”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1282, “Drink al up”, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “drink all up \/ u\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1301, “Haldebytheheved” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “hold by the head \/ n\u1eafm b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u” v\u00e0 “Fayrandgode” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “fair (handsome) and good \/ \u0111\u1eb9p (\u0111\u1eb9p trai) v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1302, “Potfulofale” ho\u1eb7c “pot full of ale \/ n\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7y bia”; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1309, “Singalday” ho\u1eb7c “sing all day \/ h\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y”; v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1211, “Elias Overandover” b\u00ed \u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c “over and over \/ l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i”. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1301 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, “Henry Lytilprud” ho\u1eb7c “little worth \/ \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb” v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 anh ta “Hawisia Crist a pes” ho\u1eb7c “Christ have peace \/ Christ c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh an’, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Anh, h\u1ecd gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng lan sang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1400, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland v\u00e0 Wales kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t danh th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, vua Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c sinh con trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi theo h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Anh sau n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, t\u1eeb h\u1ecd th\u1eddi con g\u00e1i th\u00e0nh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n l\u00e0 Lucy Stone v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1855. Sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, 1970, v\u00e0 1980, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd gh\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i (hyphenated surnames)<\/em> bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (blended surnames) trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cha v\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd m\u1edbi duy nh\u1ea5t, v.v.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd khi sinh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, h\u01a1n 80% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng sau khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i tria nomina c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00ean gi\u1eefa, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00ec t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00ean gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c prenomina tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a cognomen th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m. (T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nomen v\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Iceland, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eef t\u00ean theo cha (patronymic). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u00ean Karl c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i t\u00ean Anna v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu con trai t\u00ean Magn\u00fas, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 “Anna Karlsd\u00f3ttir”, t\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Karl, v\u00e0 “Magn\u00fas Karlsson” l\u00e0 t\u00ean con trai c\u1ee7a Karl. T\u00ean n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(B\u00e0i g\u1ed1c: The Origin of Names<\/a>, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 David R. Evans)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u01a1n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng: ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho … \u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19479,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean - H\u1ecd T\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/nguon-goc-cua-ten\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean - 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