{"id":19776,"date":"2023-12-03T11:35:19","date_gmt":"2023-12-03T04:35:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/?p=19776"},"modified":"2023-12-04T17:59:47","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T10:59:47","slug":"ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p1\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 36: T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Benjamin Blount) &#8211; Ph\u1ea7n 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n PDF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ten-ca-nhan.pdf\">hoten.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ten-ca-nhan.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec3m hay c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed5ng quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n t\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0n t\u1edbi t\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Personal Names (t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n): d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 chung t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ecd (surname) v\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh (first name), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec7m (middle name).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 n\u00f3i chung. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 sau: first name + middle name + surname. Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First name c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 &#8220;given name&#8221; ho\u1eb7c forename.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surname c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 last name \/ t\u00ean cu\u1ed1i (\u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong d\u1ea5u {} l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a th\u00eam cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong n\u1ed9i dung g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">36.1 L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp trong ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \/ t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (personal names) \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai t\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ba, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m sai t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 l\u1eddi xin l\u1ed7i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111i, th\u00eam v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong t\u00ean mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd (surname) l\u00e0 t\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh (family name), r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi hay t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean {first name &#8211; trong ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh\/t\u00ean g\u1ecdi\/t\u00ean ri\u00eang} l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trang tr\u1ecdng {theo ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng}, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m (middle name) ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay cho t\u00ean g\u1ecdi. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, t\u00ean (name) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u00ean l\u00e0 danh t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\u2014ch\u00fang g\u1ee3i ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn hay th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Ken Follett, &#8220;The Fall of Giants&#8221; (2010), trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ean William Williams, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Billy Twice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi onomastics\u2014chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ri\u00eang\u2014th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Anderson trong t\u1eadp n\u00e0y). Nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng John Algeo coi t\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfu (reference) ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 (address), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a (1985: 142). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u00ean ri\u00eang trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Allerton 1987; Lieberson 1984; Tooker 1984). Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u0103n li\u1ec7u xoay quanh c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00ean ri\u00eang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 100 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ean ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Lawson 1984).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, ca ng\u1ee3i, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, l\u00e0m \u00f4 danh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, tai ti\u1ebfng, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng\u2014c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Trong khi t\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh {family names \/ t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea l\u00e0 family names} \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba {t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c}, th\u00ec t\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u00f3t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. T\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00edt \u1ecfi (marginal) ho\u1eb7c n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n (superficial). T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \/ cultural cognitive systems (Blount 2013). M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (came into being).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf b\u1ee9c tranh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. Khung tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111\u1ecf, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u0103n b\u1eafn h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m (foraging societies \/ hunter-gatherer societies) tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd. Khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh sinh k\u1ebf, t\u1eeb t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i du m\u1ee5c (pastoralism), horticultural (m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u01a1 khai), n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">1. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u:  Agyekum 2006; Akinnaso 1983; Alia 2007; Anderson 1984; Antoun 1968; Asante 1991; Bamberger 1974; Beidleman 1974; Bregenzer 1968; Brewer 1981; Draper and Haney 2006; Eder 1975; Ekpo 1978; Guemple 1965; Herbert 1995; Kimenyi 1978; Koopman 2002; Marlett 2008; Middleton 1961; Mohome 1972; Pongweni 1983; Price and Price 1972; Ramos 1974; Roth 2008; Ryan 1981; Stewart 1993; Bean 1980; Dousset 1997; v\u00e0 Tonkin 1980, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o phong t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a xung quanh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. C\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Anh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00c2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Luo \u1edf Kenya, n\u01a1i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong hai n\u0103m (Blount 1972). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, bao g\u1ed3m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t qua th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">36.2 C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n mang t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau. Trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t t\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng khi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n do s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o. Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ed5 sung (<em>Big John \/ John l\u1edbn, Ivan the Terrible\/ Ivan kinh kh\u1ee7ng<\/em>), bi\u1ec7t danh (Bear \/ G\u1ea5u, Blondie \/ C\u00f4 g\u00e1i t\u00f3c v\u00e0ng), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang (being individuated).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd (surname) ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh (family name). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd khi sinh ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3. T\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu (reference) v\u00e0 x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 (address). Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t t\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00ean th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u1ea5u\u2014\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Alford 1988). \u0110i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111i xa h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. T\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0m &#8216;\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n&#8217; cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>36.3 T\u00ean khi sinh<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ri\u00eang cho tr\u1ebb em, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0o l\u00fac sinh ho\u1eb7c ngay sau khi sinh, nh\u01b0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb em th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca \u1edf Peru v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maasai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Phi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 tu\u1ed5i, trong khi \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t sau 100 ng\u00e0y (Alford 1988: 34\u201335). L\u00fd do: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u01a1 \u1ea5u. Trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Luo c\u1ee7a Kenya, m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ba ng\u00e0y sau khi sinh v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e9 trai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi Luo, tr\u1ebb g\u00e1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u01a1n tr\u1ebb trai, v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb trai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra sau khi tr\u1ebb th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Zuni \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb khi ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00f2, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Buganda \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Phi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb khi ch\u00fang cai s\u1eefa, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3 tu\u1ed5i (Alford 1988:36). \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb sau khi ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi {tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh}. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch hay t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>36.3.1 C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho tr\u1ebb em<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi sinh. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7) ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u-M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba t\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c t\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i t\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng mang theo g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ean ri\u00eang (personal), t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi (given) ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c \/ Kit\u00f4 (Christian name). H\u1ecd gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean cu\u1ed1i (last name \/ surname), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 trang tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n hai t\u00ean kia v\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd (lineage) ho\u1eb7c d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c (clan), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n theo d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i nam gi\u1edbi (male line), ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 theo d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i n\u1eef gi\u1edbi (female line).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd (t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng \/ kinship-unit names). \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u1ecd gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ecd, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh {gi\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam}. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Chu \u00c2n Lai (Chou en Lai), thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Chu v\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Lai. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd k\u00e9p (double surnames), c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i nam qua cha v\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i n\u1eef qua m\u1eb9 {m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean con v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9, tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc}. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Garcia-Quijano (ho\u1eb7c Garcia y Quijano) s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hai d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean h\u1ecd bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean c\u1ee7a cha k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t <em>h\u1eadu t\u1ed1<\/em> ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 con l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: <em>Sigurdad\u00f3ttir<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c con trai, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: <em>Sigurdason<\/em> (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Iceland).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u00e1n t\u00ean d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c cho tr\u1ebb em. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u1ecd gia \u0111\u00ecnh; m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea1m vi tham chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 cho. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Luo \u1edf Kenya c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. Khi tr\u1ebb em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Luo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 sau khi sinh, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba c\u00e1i t\u00ean (Blount 1993). M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xung quanh vi\u1ec7c sinh n\u1edf. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 <em>Ladhri<\/em> &#8216;n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i&#8217;. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb sinh ra trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Kenya gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean Swahili l\u00e0 <em>Uhuru<\/em> &#8216;t\u1ef1 do&#8217;, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kenya l\u00e0 <em>Kenyatta<\/em>. T\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong ng\u00e0y khi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Okinyi &#8216;bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng&#8217; ho\u1eb7c Otieno &#8216;\u0111\u00eam&#8217;. Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c sinh n\u1edf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00ean. M\u1ed9t em b\u00e9 b\u1ee5 b\u1eabm khi sinh ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Odongo &#8216;to l\u1edbn&#8217;, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t em \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua ca sinh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Obama, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb <em>bamo<\/em> &#8216;quay, xoay, ho\u1eb7c v\u1eb7n&#8217;. Phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho con c\u00e1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xung quanh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Zulu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam ch\u00e2u Phi (Suzman 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u1ebb em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Luo c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t t\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9\u2014m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd (complementary filiation). Nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n nam Hoa K\u1ef3. M\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed5 sung li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9. T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m trong ti\u1ebfng Trung v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Luo l\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd gia t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 t\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. T\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef cao tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 t\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, hu\u1ed1ng chi l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi n\u00f3. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng khi c\u00e1i t\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng khai trong th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o thay th\u1ebf cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em Luo cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u00eam t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1 t\u00ednh (selfhood) c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuna c\u1ee7a Panama, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00fd do v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Luo. Tr\u1ebb em Cuna ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7t danh (nicknames) ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n mang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018con g\u00e1i\u2019 ho\u1eb7c \u2018con trai\u2019 (Alford 1988: 36). S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 sang tu\u1ed5i thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nghi l\u1ec5 trong nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>36.3.2 Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean khi sinh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd (t\u00ean huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng, ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch t\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd m\u1eb9, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u00ean ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ba t\u00ean \u0111a \u00e2m ti\u1ebft li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp nhau l\u00e0 \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap &#8216;d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \/ flow&#8217; c\u1ee7a t\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00e2m thanh \/ euphonic  (xem Whissell 2001, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y trong t\u1eadp n\u00e0y; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Hebert v\u00e0 Harper 1995; Levine v\u00e0 Willis 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ng\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u2018t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018h\u1ecd, t\u00ean h\u1ecd, ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u2019 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u2018kinship-unit name \/ t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1i sau v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham chi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u2018t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c\u2019 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. \u2018T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u2019 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh {tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t}. \u2018T\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \/ Given name\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u2018t\u00ean danh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh \/ primary identity name\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u2018t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t\u2019 (kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba), nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u2018t\u00ean danh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Robert Smith, Jr. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u2018t\u00ean danh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh\u2019 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t khi tham chi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 John v\u00e0 Mary trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00e0 Odier \u2018n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam\u2019 v\u00e0 Akinyi \u2018bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng Luo. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t &#8216;t\u00ean danh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh&#8217; v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba &#8216;t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng&#8217; c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean khi sinh c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t &#8211; \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. Trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1eb9, cha, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 cha c\u00f9ng nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u00f4ng b\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra g\u1ee3i \u00fd, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf b\u1edfi cha m\u1eb9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean cho con c\u00e1i. Trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 t\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n sau, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean gia s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn xa v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sao cho mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>36.3.3 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean, hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edf: c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ecdn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o l\u00e0m t\u00ean g\u1ecdi cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef t\u1ee5c t\u0129u v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 (Hanks v\u00e0 Hodges 2007). Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1edf h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian. T\u00ean \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng cho nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. <em>John<\/em>, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong top n\u0103m c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh nam \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 21, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi top n\u0103m c\u00e1i t\u00ean <em>Michael<\/em>, <em>Jacob<\/em>, <em>Matthew<\/em>, <em>Nicholas<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Christopher<\/em> (US Census 2001). T\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi lu\u00f4n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. <em>Mary<\/em>, <em>Elizabeth<\/em>, <em>Rache<\/em>l v\u00e0 <em>Katherine<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001 top n\u0103m c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 <em>Hannah<\/em>, <em>Emily<\/em>, <em>Sarah<\/em>, <em>Madison<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Brianna<\/em>. <em>Mary<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 81, <em>Elizabeth<\/em> xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 10, <em>Rachel<\/em> xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 31 v\u00e0 <em>Katherine<\/em> xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Iceland. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n Lan, Iceland c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t cho nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef. S\u1ed5 \u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd T\u00ean C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Iceland (Icelandic Personal Names Register) ch\u1ee9a danh s\u00e1ch 1.712 t\u00ean nam v\u00e0 1.853 t\u00ean n\u1eef. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1eadm v\u0103n h\u00f3a Iceland, tu\u00e2n theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Iceland. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Iceland. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (t\u00ean ch\u00ednh) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iceland c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd (t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng) tu\u00e2n theo quy t\u1eafc patronymic. H\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha k\u00e8m theo h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 <em>-d\u00f3ttir<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>-son\/sen<\/em>. Danh b\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n theo t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t cho con m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong danh s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn. Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i m\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u00e9 g\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Iceland ch\u1ec9 &#8220;c\u00f4 g\u00e1i&#8221;, Stulka. \u0110\u01a1n kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i t\u00ean ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean khi sinh ra l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh nam v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ean cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (gender distinctions) trong t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n mang l\u1ea1i, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t (Alford 1988: 67). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p. Trong ti\u1ebfng Luo, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 O- l\u00e0m cho t\u00ean mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nam gi\u1edbi, trong khi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 A- l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn t\u00ean th\u00e0nh n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00ean h\u1ecd (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n nam s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 O-; t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n n\u1eef s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 A-. Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh Luo c\u00f3 t\u00ean huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng ch\u00e9o gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (cross-gender lineage names) cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn ra t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 n\u1eef ho\u1eb7c nam: <em>Meredith<\/em>, <em>Sydney<\/em>, <em>Morgan<\/em>, <em>Andrea<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Jordan<\/em>, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c {ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c t\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ean trung t\u00ednh}. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y h\u1ecd (surnames) l\u00e0m t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ea3 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m <em>Taylor<\/em>, <em>Cameron<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Riley<\/em>. T\u00ean kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 <em>Brook<\/em> (nam) v\u00e0 <em>Brooke<\/em> (n\u1eef), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho <em>Francis<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Frances<\/em>, <em>Robin<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Robyn<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea7n 2<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p2\/\">hoten.org\/ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p2\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Anh: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/303519288_Personal_Names\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Personal Names<\/a>, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ben Blount, University of Georgia)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghi ch\u00fa: t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n PDF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n: hoten.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ten-ca-nhan.pdf V\u00e0i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp: \u0110i\u1ec3m hay c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed5ng quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n t\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 &#8230; <a title=\"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 36: T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Benjamin Blount) &#8211; Ph\u1ea7n 1\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p1\/\" aria-label=\"More on Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 36: T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Benjamin Blount) &#8211; Ph\u1ea7n 1\">\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19796,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 36: T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Benjamin Blount) - Ph\u1ea7n 1 - H\u1ecd T\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 36: T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Benjamin Blount) - Ph\u1ea7n 1 - H\u1ecd T\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n PDF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n: hoten.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ten-ca-nhan.pdf V\u00e0i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp: \u0110i\u1ec3m hay c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed5ng quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 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