{"id":19780,"date":"2023-12-03T14:19:53","date_gmt":"2023-12-03T07:19:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/?p=19780"},"modified":"2023-12-04T17:58:57","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T10:58:57","slug":"ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoten.org\/ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 36: T\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Benjamin Blount) – Ph\u1ea7n 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ph\u1ea7n 1<\/strong>: hoten.org\/ten-rieng-benjamin-blount-p1\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n PDF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n<\/strong>: hoten.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ten-ca-nhan.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

36.3.4 Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi (anew), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi m\u1edbi. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iceland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean hay t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh. L\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2001 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, ba trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean n\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Kinh Th\u00e1nh: Hannah<\/em> (s\u1ed1 1), Sarah<\/em> (3), v\u00e0 Elizabeth<\/em> (10), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1u trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean nam ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t: Michael<\/em> (1), Jacob<\/em> (2), Matthew<\/em> (3), Joseph<\/em> (6), Zachary<\/em> (7), v\u00e0 Joshua<\/em> (8); hai c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 Nicholas<\/em> (4) v\u00e0 Christopher<\/em> (5). T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ean nam c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean nam ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u1eef, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. B\u1ea3n ghi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. B\u1ea3ng 36.1 cho th\u1ea5y 10 c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 theo t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 25-30 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1870 \u0111\u1ebfn 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n

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B\u1ea3ng 36.1<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 37 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong danh s\u00e1ch. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, Elizabeth<\/em>, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 s\u00e1u danh s\u00e1ch. Mary<\/em> v\u00e0 Catherine<\/em>\/Katherine<\/em> m\u1ed7i t\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1n danh s\u00e1ch, Margaret<\/em>, Helen<\/em>, Alice<\/em>, Ruth<\/em> v\u00e0 Dorothy<\/em> m\u1ed7i t\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong hai danh s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 29 t\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Trong s\u1ed1 29 t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 19 t\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ba kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Elizabeth<\/em>, Mary<\/em> v\u00e0 Catherine<\/em> k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qua kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 131 n\u0103m. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho nam gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong B\u1ea3ng 36.2. <\/p>\n\n\n

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B\u1ea3ng 36.2<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 25 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Hai t\u00ean, John<\/em> v\u00e0 James<\/em>, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t n\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 s\u00e1u danh s\u00e1ch, William<\/em>, Joseph<\/em>, Michael<\/em> v\u00e0 Robert<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong b\u1ed1n danh s\u00e1ch, George<\/em> v\u00e0 Thomas<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ba danh s\u00e1ch, Charles<\/em>, Christopher<\/em> v\u00e0 David<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong hai danh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. M\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 14 t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ba kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng (1) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean n\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u00ean nam; (2) c\u1ea3 t\u00ean nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n trong n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua so v\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc; (3) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean nam h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u1eef c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Kinh Th\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3n ghi chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 25 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong B\u1ea3ng 36.1 v\u00e0 36.2 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Trang web c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan An sinh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 (US Social Security Administration) ch\u1ee9a danh s\u00e1ch n\u0103m t\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho t\u00ean n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam trong 100 n\u0103m qua. Emily<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho n\u1eef t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn 2007, Jennifer<\/em> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u1ebfn 1984, v\u00e0 Mary \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1912 \u0111\u1ebfn 1946 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1953 \u0111\u1ebfn 1961, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Linda<\/em> thay th\u1ebf trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, Jacob<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999 \u0111\u1ebfn 2012, v\u00e0 Michael<\/em> gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1954 \u0111\u1ebfn 1959 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1961 \u0111\u1ebfn 1998, v\u1edbi David<\/em> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 John<\/em>, Robert<\/em>, James<\/em>, Michael<\/em> v\u00e0 Jacob<\/em> c\u00f9ng nhau gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u1eeb David<\/em> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nam v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00ean n\u1eef gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m qua\u2014Mary<\/em>, Jennifer<\/em>, Emily<\/em>, Lisa<\/em> v\u00e0 Linda<\/em>\u2014Mary l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfng Hebrew l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ti\u1ebfng Latin \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u1edf M\u1ef9, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, Canada, \u00dac v\u00e0 New Zealand, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ban \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. Kh\u00f4ng gian {b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft} kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p truy v\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t khu v\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n qua c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36.4 H\u1ecd trong ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecd trong ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n? H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Anh tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1100 sau C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1250 \u0111\u1ebfn 1450 (Bowman 1932; Redmonds 2002) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 (Smith-Bannister 1997). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang {t\u00ean ch\u00ednh \/ first name}, nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00eam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean d\u1ea1ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t danh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean nh\u01b0 John<\/em>, r\u1ed3i Big John<\/em> (John b\u1ef1 con) hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Little John<\/em> (John b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf). N\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0 Mary of Dover<\/em> hay Elizabeth of Brighton<\/em>. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 Richard the Lionhearted<\/em>, William the Conqueror<\/em> (Conqueror ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c), Katherine of Aragon<\/em>, hay Mary Queen of Scots<\/em> (Queen ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng). M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Thomas the baker<\/em> (baker ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh) hay Emma the seamstress<\/em> (seamstress c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 may) (Dolan 1972).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, thu\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thanh to\u00e1n cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t l\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Khi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n cho vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i l\u00f4-gic (h\u1ee3p l\u00fd). C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1377, 1379 v\u00e0 1381 (Fenwick 1998), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (Reaney 1991). V\u00ec v\u1eady, Mary of Dover<\/em> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Mary Dover<\/em>, v\u00e0 Thomas the baker<\/em> s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Thomas Baker<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng patronymic, bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1ecd. \u1ede Anh, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 -son<\/em> c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho Johnson<\/em>, Watson<\/em>, Wilson<\/em>, Danielson<\/em>, v.v. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng patronymic. Khi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean nh\u01b0 Robertson<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ecd Robertson<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean d\u1ea1ng patronymic \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 -son<\/em>; t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 -s<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra Richards<\/em> ho\u1eb7c Collins<\/em>. C\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c danh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m h\u1ecd, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra Smith<\/em> (th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n), Cook<\/em> (\u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp), Wainwright<\/em> (th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m th\u00f9ng) v\u00e0 Chapman<\/em> (ch\u1ee7 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng). Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecd th\u1ee9 ba mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. Matthew s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean s\u00f4ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Matthew River<\/em>, Anna s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Anna Hill<\/em>. Barbara s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Eaton s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Barbara Eaton<\/em>. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec v\u1eady, White<\/em> (Tr\u1eafng), Good<\/em> (T\u1ed1t), Long<\/em> (D\u00e0i), Meek<\/em> (Nhu m\u00ec) v\u00e0 Wise<\/em> (Kh\u00f4n ngoan), c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. Trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang; t\u00ean g\u1ecdi (t\u00ean ch\u00ednh) l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n H\u1ecd gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ean ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean ch\u00ednh; cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i qua t\u1eebng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Michael<\/em>, Jacob<\/em>, Elizabeth<\/em> ho\u1eb7c Emily<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngo\u00e0i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, h\u1ecd gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u00ean ch\u00ednh (first name).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36.5 Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam h\u1ecd v\u00e0o t\u00ean trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi. M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi (newly official name), mang l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u00e9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch {tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i} ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed {x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i}. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 sinh sang tr\u1ebb em r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, bao g\u1ed3m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, l\u00e0m cha m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111ang d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n. V\u00f5 s\u0129 quy\u1ec1n anh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Cassius Clay<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Muhammad Ali<\/em> khi \u00f4ng theo \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i. Ng\u00f4i sao qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng phim cao b\u1ed3i M\u1ef9 John Wayne<\/em> ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Marion Morrison<\/em>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ca s\u0129 Engelbert Humperdinck<\/em> ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Arnold George Dorsey<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Alford (1988: 86) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xuy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a (cross-cultural study) v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u00edt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00fd do, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (self-ascribed) m\u1edbi. Trong nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 X m\u00e0 l\u00e0 Y, v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1ch x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7t danh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb th\u00e2n m\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i sau th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. Bi\u1ec7t danh th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 thao, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong t\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Kennedy). Alford (1988: 82) ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7t danh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung cho vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Bi\u1ec7t danh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ‘bi\u1ec7t danh’ cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Oxford Ti\u1ebfng Anh (tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn), t\u1eeb ekename<\/em> ‘t\u00ean ph\u1ee5’ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 eaca<\/em> ‘s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng th\u00eam’, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36.6 T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n